Event | Date | Location | Disease | Death toll (estimate) | Ref. |
San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 | 1900–1904 | San Francisco, United States | Bubonic plague | 119 | [149] |
1900 Sydney bubonic plague epidemic | 1900 | Australia | Bubonic plague | 103 | [150] |
1900–1920 Uganda African trypanosomiasis epidemic | 1900–1920 | Uganda | African trypanosomiasis | 200,000–300,000 | [146] |
Kuru epidemic | 1900’s-2009 | Papua New Guinea | Kuru | 2,700-3,000+ | [151][152] |
1903 India plague epidemic | 1903 | India | Bubonic plague | 22 | [153] |
1903 Fremantle plague epidemic | 1903 | Fremantle | Bubonic plague | 4 | [154] |
Manchurian plague | 1910–1911 | China | Pneumonic plague | 60,000 | [155] |
1910 China plague | 1910–1912 | China | Bubonic plague | 40,000 | [156] |
1915 Encephalitis lethargica pandemic | 1915–1926 | Worldwide | Encephalitis lethargica | 1.5 million | [157] |
1916 United States polio epidemic | 1916 | United States | Poliomyelitis | 7,130 | [158] |
1918 influenza pandemic (‘Spanish flu’) | 1918–1920 | Worldwide | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Spanish flu virus | 17–100 million | [159][160][161] |
1918–1922 Russia typhus epidemic | 1918–1922 | Russia | Typhus | 2.5 million | [162] |
1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak | 1924 | Los Angeles, United States | Pneumonic plague | 30 | [163] |
1924–1925 Minnesota smallpox epidemic | 1924–1925 | Minnesota, United States | Smallpox | 500 | [164] |
1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic | 1927 | Montreal, Canada | Typhoid fever | 538 | [165] |
1929–1930 Psittacosis Pandemic | 1929-1930 | Worldwide | Psittacosis | 100+ | [166] |
Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937 | 1937 | Croydon, United Kingdom | Typhoid fever | 43 | [167] |
1937 Australia polio epidemic | 1937 | Australia | Poliomyelitis | | [168] |
1940 Sudan yellow fever epidemic | 1940 | Sudan | Yellow fever | 1,627 | [169] |
1942–1944 Egypt malaria epidemic | 1942–1944 | Egypt | Malaria | Unknown | [115][116] |
1946 China plague epidemic | 1946 | China | Bubonic plague | Unknown | [citation needed] |
1946 Egypt relapsing fever epidemic | 1946 | Egypt | Relapsing fever | Unknown | [115][116] |
1947 Egypt cholera epidemic | 1947 | Egypt | Cholera | 10,277 | [115][116][170] |
1948–1952 United States polio epidemic | 1948–1952 | United States | Poliomyelitis | 9,000 | [158] |
1957–1958 influenza pandemic (‘Asian flu’) | 1957–1958 | Worldwide | Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 | 1–4 million | [171][172] |
1960–1962 Ethiopia yellow fever epidemic | 1960–1962 | Ethiopia | Yellow fever | 30,000 | [173] |
Seventh cholera pandemic | 1961–1975 | Worldwide | Cholera (El Tor strain) | Unknown | [174] |
Hong Kong flu | 1968–1970 | Worldwide | Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 H3N2 virus | 1–4 million | [171][172] |
1971 Staphorst polio epidemic | 1971 | Staphorst, Netherlands | Poliomyelitis | 5 | [175] |
1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak | 1972 | Yugoslavia | Smallpox | 35 | [176] |
London flu | 1972–1973 | United States | Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 | 1,027 | [177] |
1973 Italy Cholera El Tor epidemic | 1973 | Italy | Cholera (El Tor strain) | 24 | [178] |
1974 smallpox epidemic of India | 1974 | India | Smallpox | 15,000 | [179] |
Soviet flu | 1977–78 | Worldwide | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 10,000–30,000 | [180][181] |
Sverdlovsk anthrax leak | 1979 | Russia | Anthrax | 105 | [182] |
HIV/AIDS pandemic | 1981–present (data as of 2018) | Worldwide | HIV/AIDS | 32 million+ (23.6–43.8 million) | [183][184] |
1984 Western Sahara plague | 1984 | Western Sahara | Bubonic plague | 64 | [citation needed] |
1986 Oju yellow fever epidemic | 1986 | Oju, Nigeria | Yellow fever | 5,600+ | [185] |
1987 Mali yellow fever epidemic | 1987 | Mali | Yellow fever | 145 | [186] |
1991 Bangladesh cholera epidemic | 1991 | Bangladesh | Cholera | 8,410–9,432 | [187] |
1991 Latin America cholera epidemic | 1991–1993 | Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala | Cholera | 8,000 | [188][189] |
1994 plague in India | 1994 | India | Bubonic plague and Pneumonic plague | 56 | [190] |
United Kingdom BSE outbreak | 1996–2001 | United Kingdom | vCJD | 178 | [191][192] |
1996 West Africa meningitus epidemic | 1996 | West Africa | Meningitis | 10,000 | [193] |
1998–99 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak | 1998–1999 | Malaysia | Nipah virus infection | 105 | [194] |
2000 Central America dengue epidemic | 2000 | Central America | Dengue fever | 40+ | [195] |
2001 Nigeria cholera epidemic | 2001 | Nigeria | Cholera | 400+ | [196] |
2001 South Africa cholera epidemic | 2001 | South Africa | Cholera | 139 | [197][198] |
2002–04 SARS outbreak | 2002–2004 | Worldwide | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | 774 | [199] |
2003 Algeria plague outbreak | 2003 | Algeria | Bubonic plague | 1 (18 cases) | [200] |
Avian influenza outbreaks in the 2000s | 2003–2019[citation needed] | Southeast Asia and Egypt | Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 | 455 | [201] |
2004 Afghanistan leishmaniasis epidemic | 2004 | Afghanistan | Leishmaniasis | 0 (3,958 cases) | [202][203] |
2004 Indonesia dengue epidemic | 2004 | Indonesia | Dengue fever | 658 | [204] |
2004 Senegal cholera outbreak | 2004 | Senegal | Cholera | 2 | [205] |
2004 Sudan ebola outbreak | 2004 | Sudan | Ebola | 7 | [206] |
2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore | 2005 | Singapore | Dengue fever | 27 | [207] |
2006 Luanda cholera epidemic | 2006 | Luanda, Angola | Cholera | 1,200+ | [208] |
2006 Ituri Province plague epidemic | 2006 | Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo | Bubonic plague | 61 | [209][210] |
2006 India malaria outbreak | 2006 | India | Malaria | 17 | [211] |
2006 dengue outbreak in India | 2006 | India | Dengue fever | 50+ | [212] |
Chikungunya outbreaks | 2006 | India | Chikungunya virus | Unknown (numerous widespread cases) | [213] |
2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan | 2006 | Pakistan | Dengue fever | 50+ | [214] |
2006 Philippines dengue epidemic | 2006 | Philippines | Dengue fever | 1,000 | [215] |
2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak | 2006–2007 | East Africa | Rift Valley fever | 394 | [216] |
Mweka ebola epidemic | 2007 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Ebola | 187 | [217] |
2007 Ethiopia cholera epidemic | 2007 | Ethiopia | Cholera | 684 | [218] |
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak | 2007 | Iraq | Cholera | 10 | [219] |
2007 Nigeria polio outbreak | 2007 | Nigeria | Poliomyelitis | Unknown (69 cases) | [220] |
2007 Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Mexico dengue fever epidemic | 2007 | Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico | Dengue fever | 183 | [221] |
2007 Uganda ebola outbreak | 2007 | Uganda | Ebola | 37 | [206] |
2007 Vietnam cholera outbreak | 2007 | Vietnam | Cholera | 2 | [222][223] |
2008 Brazil dengue epidemic | 2008 | Brazil | Dengue fever | 67 | [224] |
2008 Cambodia dengue epidemic | 2008 | Cambodia | Dengue fever | 407 | [225] |
2008 Chad cholera epidemic | 2008 | Chad | Cholera | 123 | [226] |
2008–2017 China hand, foot, and mouth disease epidemic | 2008–2017 | China | Hand, foot, and mouth disease | 3,322+ | [227] |
2008 India cholera epidemic | 2008 | India | Cholera | 115 | [228] |
2008 Madagascar plague outbreak | 2008 | Madagascar | Bubonic plague | 18+ | [229] |
2008 Philippines dengue epidemic | 2008 | Philippines | Dengue fever | 172 | [230] |
2008–09 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak | 2008–2009 | Zimbabwe | Cholera | 4,293 | [231] |
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic | 2009 | Bolivia | Dengue fever | 18 | [232] |
2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak | 2009 | India | Hepatitis B | 49 | [233] |
Queensland 2009 dengue outbreak | 2009 | Queensland, Australia | Dengue fever | 1+ (503 cases) | [234] |
Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s | 2009 | Worldwide | Mumps | Unknown | [citation needed] |
2009–10 West African meningitis outbreak | 2009–2010 | West Africa | Meningitis | 1,100 | [235] |
2009 swine flu pandemic | 2009–2010 | Worldwide | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 284,000 (possible range 151,700-575,400) | [236] |
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak | 2010–2019 | Haiti | Cholera (strain serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa) | 10,075 | [237] |
2010–2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo measles outbreak | 2010–2014 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Measles | 4,500+ | [238][239] |
2011 Vietnam hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic | 2011 | Vietnam | Hand, foot and mouth disease | 170 | [240][241] |
2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan | 2011 | Pakistan | Dengue fever | 350+ | [242] |
2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan | 2012 | Darfur, Sudan | Yellow fever | 171 | [243] |
2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak | 2012–present | Worldwide | Middle East respiratory syndrome / MERS-CoV | 935 (as of 4 July 2020) | [244] |
2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore | 2013 | Singapore | Dengue fever | 8 | [245] |
2013 Vietnam Measles outbreak | 2013–2014 | Vietnam | Measles | 142 | [246] |
Western African Ebola virus epidemic | 2013–2016 | Worldwide, primarily concentrated in Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone | Ebola Ebola virus virion | 11,323+ | [247][248][249] |
2013–14 chikungunya outbreak | 2013–2015 | Americas | Chikungunya | 183 | [250] |
2013–19 Avian influenza epidemic | 2013–2019 | China | Influenza A virus subtype H7N9 | 616 | [251] |
2014 Madagascar plague outbreak | 2014–2017 | Madagascar | Bubonic plague | 292 | [252] |
2014 Odisha jaundice outbreak | 2014–2015 | India | Primarily Hepatitis E, but also Hepatitis A | 36 | [253] |
2015 Indian swine flu outbreak | 2015 | India | Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 | 2,035 | [254][255][256] |
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic | 2015–2016 | Worldwide | Zika virus | 53 | [257] |
2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak | 2016 | Angola and DR Congo | Yellow fever | 498 (377 in Angola, 121 in Congo) | [258] |
2016–20 Yemen cholera outbreak | 2016–present | Yemen | Cholera | 3,886 (as of 30 November 2019) | [259] |
2017 dengue outbreak in Peshawar | 2017 | Peshawar, Pakistan | Dengue fever | 69 | [260] |
2017 Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis outbreak | 2017 | India | Japanese encephalitis | 1,317 | [261] |
2017–18 United States flu season | 2017–2018 | United States | Seasonal influenza | 61,000 (46,000–95,000)[262] | [263][264][265] |
2018 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala | 2018 | India | Nipah virus infection | 17 | [266] |
Kivu Ebola epidemic | 2018–2020 | Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda | Ebola | 2,272 | [267][268][269] |
2019 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2019–present | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Measles | 6,400+ (as of April 2020) | [270] |
2019–2020 New Zealand measles outbreak | 2019–present | New Zealand | Measles | 2 | [271] |
2019 Philippines measles outbreak | 2019–present | Philippines | Measles | 415 | [272] |
2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak | 2019 | Kuala Koh, Malaysia | Measles | 15 | [273] |
2019 Samoa measles outbreak | 2019–present | Samoa | Measles | 83 | [274] |
2019–20 dengue fever epidemic | 2019–present | Asia-Pacific, Latin America | Dengue fever | 3,930 | [275] |
COVID-19 pandemic | 2019–present | Worldwide | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 virus | 763,110 (as of 14 August 2020) | [276] |